Model: Markets & Finance

Richard Koch’s rule to back category leaders in high‑growth niches; leadership + growth compounding.

Deliberately leave room for error—buy below value, build above load, plan beyond the optimistic case—so mistakes and volatility don’t cause ruin.

Use small inputs to create large outputs by applying amplifiers — capital, code, media, process, partnerships. Leverage magnifies both gains and losses.

A product becomes more valuable as more participants join and interact. Design for liquidity and quality, not just user count.

Outcomes don’t all follow the normal curve. Know the shape and tails of your data and choose metrics, forecasts and safeguards to match.

Produce more to lower average cost by spreading fixed costs, improving specialisation and buying better—until coordination costs bite.

A durable edge that lets you create more value or deliver it at lower cost than rivals — and keep it via isolating mechanisms.

Specialise in what you produce at lower opportunity cost and trade the rest.

Compound Interest is a practical lens to frame decisions and reduce error.

A KPMG framework that links what to aim for (financial ambition), where to play (business model), and how to win (operating model) across nine levers.

Nassim Taleb’s term for rare, high‑impact, retrospectively ‘obvious’ events.

The rate customers leave.